Effect of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Oil as a Replacement for Fish Oil on the Growth of White Snapper (Lates calcarifer)

ABSTRACT
The cultivation of white snapper is influenced by the quality and quantity of feed provided. The feed comprises protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. Fat plays an important role as an energy source that serves as a source of essential fatty acids. The source of fat in the feed is fish oil. However, fish oil prices are fluctuating and are not sustainable.  Therefore, an alternative source is needed to reduce the use of fish oil. One alternative to fish oil is black soldier fly larvae oil. This study aims to determine the use of black soldier fly larvae oil in artificial feed on the absolute length, weight, feed conversion ratio, and relative growth rate of white snapper (L. calcarifer). The test fish in the study were white snapper measuring 8-9 cm. The stocking density for each research container was 10 fish with a stocking density of 1 fish/2 litres of water. The frequency of feeding is 3 times a day at satiation. The research method is experimental, with 4 treatments and 4 replications. The experimental method is a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatment of fish oil replacement using black soldier fly larvae oil includes A (0% black soldier fly larvae oil), B (15% black soldier fly larvae oil), C (30% black soldier fly larvae oil), and D (45% black soldier fly larvae oil). The results showed that the replacement of fish oil using black soldier fly larvae oil had a significant effect (the value of significance or probability <0.05) on the growth of absolute length (LM), absolute weight (W), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and relative growth rate (RGR). Treatment C (30% black soldier fly larvae oil) is the treatment that gives the best value on the absolute length (Lm) at 3.63 ± 0.45 cm, absolute weight (W) at 9.46 ± 0.39 grams, feed conversion ratio (FCR) at 1.93 ± 0.09 and relative growth rate (RGR) at 1.55 ± 0.25%.
Key words: white snapper, black soldier fly larvae oil, growth performance
INTRODUCTION
White snapper, or Lates calcarifer, is a highly economical fish consumed by domestic and international communities (Rasyid and Patriono 2016). White snapper has a high protein content (Prayudi et al., 2020). The advantages of white snapper include easy cultivation. White snapper has white flesh, relatively easy larval maintenance with a short rearing period, and a good survival rate (Hendrianto et al. 2018). White snapper has 20% and 5% protein and fat content (Windarto et al. 2019). This shows that white snapper can be a promising prospect for development and cultivation (Santika et al. 2021). Because of its relatively fast growth, easy maintenance and high tolerance for environmental changes, white snapper is suitable for small and large-scale aquaculture in freshwater or marine ponds (Saputra & Samara, 2022). 
The quality of the feed provided influences the cultivation of white snapper. Having access to high-quality feed is a primary aspect in promoting fish growth. Fish will grow more when they are given something they can eat well enough (Amanda et al., 2024). Feeding is a factor that maximizes the growth and development of fish with an optimal feed composition (Haryanto et al. 2014). Quality feed, in addition to acting as the main energy source, is also expected to increase the digestibility of fish so that growth becomes optimum (Usman et al., 2022). Feed composition consists of protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. Fat is an important energy source and serves as an essential fatty acid (Mukti et al. 2014). Fish oil is the main source of lipids in fish feed and is rich in omega-3 (n-3 LC-PUFA), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), which enhance fish growth (Turchini et al. 2009; Maldonado-Othon et al. 2022). Fish oil has fluctuating and unsustainable prices that can hinder the development of the aquaculture industry (Xia et al. 2024). Therefore, an alternative source is needed to reduce the use of fish oil. The alternative to fish oil is black soldier fly larvae oil. 
Black soldier fly larvae oil contains about 40% fat and is rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA), palmitic acid (C16:0), lauric acid (C12:0), oleic acid (C18:1n-9), and linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) (Li et al. 2022). Replacing fish oil with black soldier fly larvae oil in artificial feed did not impact the growth performance of striped catfish and juvenile barramundi (Hender et al. 2021; Sudha et al. 2022; Gu et al. 2025). Replacing fish oil with black soldier fly larvae oil at a 20% dosage did not adversely affect the growth performance of juvenile black seabream (Gu et al. 2025). Medium-chain fatty acids found in black soldier fly larvae oil can be used as an energy source, promoting growth and efficiency in nutrient absorption and rapid utilization as an energy source (Moutinho et al. 2025). Research (Yuan et al. 2024) shows that feed supplemented with black soldier fly larvae oil results in a higher final weight, absolute weight percentage, and specific growth rate than feed without black soldier fly larvae oil in M. salmoides fish. Therefore, this study will replace fish oil with black soldier fly larvae oil in white snapper feed and aims to determine the effect of replacing fish oil with black soldier fly larvae oil on the growth of white snapper.
MATERIAL METHODS
Material
The study used 160 white snappers (L. calcarifer) with a body length ranging from 8-9 cm per tail from the Balai Besar Perikanan Budidaya Laut, Lampung. The stocking density for each research container was 10 fish with a stocking density of 1 fish/2 litres of water. Test fish were acclimatized for 7 days to adapt to the environment and the provided feed. Fish sampling is done every 10 days, with a maintenance period of 49 days. The frequency of feeding is 3 times a day at satiation.

Methods
The experimental method is a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and three replications. The treatments in the study are as follows:
Treatment A: Replacement black soldier fly larvae oil in artificial feed at 0% and fish oil at 100%.
Treatment B: Replacement black soldier fly larvae oil in artificial feed at 15% and fish oil at 85%.
Treatment C: Replacement black soldier fly larvae oil in artificial feed at 30% and fish oil at 70%.
Treatment D: Replacement black soldier fly larvae oil in artificial feed at 45% and fish oil at 55%.
Data Collection
The variables measured in the study included absolute length (Lm), absolute weight (W), feed conversation ratio (FCR), relative growth rate (RGR), and water quality.
Absolute Length 
Absolute length growth can be calculated using the formula by Effendi (2004) in the study (Lucas et al. 2015) as follows:

Where: 
Lm = Absolute Length Growth (Lm)
Lt = Average fish length at the end of the study (cm)
Lo = Average fish length at the early of the study (cm)
Absolute Weight
Absolute weight growth can be calculated using the formula by Effendi (1979) in the study (Juharni et al. 2022) as follows:

Where: 
W = Absolute Weight Growth (W)
Wo = Average fish weight at the end of the study (g)
Lo = Average fish Weight at the early of the study (g)
Feed Conversation Ratio (FCR)
The feed conversation ratio can be calculated using the formula by Tacon (1987) in the study (Kurniawan et al. 2019) as follows:

Where:
FCR = Feed Conversation Ratio
Wt = Total weight of fish at the end of the study (g)
Wo = Total weight of fish at the early of the study (g)
t = maintenance time (days)
Relative Growth Rate (RGR) 
The relative growth rate can be calculated using the formula by Takeuchi (1988) in the study (Kurniawan et al. 2019) as follows:

Where: 
RGR = Relative growth rate (%day-1)
Wt = Total weight of fish at the end of the study (g)
Wo = Total weight of fish at the early of the study (g)
t = maintenance time (days)
Water Quality 
Water quality management in maintenance media measures water quality parameters, including temperature, pH, salinity, and dissolved oxygen (Do). Temperature, pH, and salinity are observed daily in the morning and evening. Temperature and pH are measured using a pH meter, salinity using a refractometer, and dissolved oxygen using a water quality checker. Aeration is added to meet dissolved oxygen needs in the maintenance media. Siphons are maintained every morning and evening before feeding.
Data Analysis
The obtained data includes absolute length growth, absolute weight, feed conversion ratio, and relative growth rate. First, a normality, homogeneity, and additivity test was conducted to ensure the data was normal, homogeneous, and additive before further testing, namely analysis of variance (ANOVA). Data analysis was conducted using Microsoft Excel 2016 and SPSS version 24.0. Data were analyzed for variance at the 95% confidence level. Analysis of variance resulted in significantly different values (the value of significance or probability <0.05), then the Duncan area test will be continued to determine differences between treatments. Water quality data were analyzed descriptively.
RESULTS
The measurements resulting in the average growth values of absolute length (Lm), absolute weight (W), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and relative growth rate (RGR) are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Average Values of Absolute Length, Absolute Weight, FCR, and RGR over 49 Days of Research
Parameters	Treatments	
	A	B	C	D	
Lm (cm)	2.75±0.34ª	3.52±0.55ᵇ	3.63±0.45ᵇ	3.51±0.24ᵇ	
W (g)	7.32±0.84ª	8.56±0.65ᵇ	9.46±0.39ᵇ	9.01±0.39ᵇ	
FCR	2.44±0.16ᶜ	2.11±0.13ᵇ	1.93±0.09ª	1.99±0.04ᵃᵇ	
RGR (%day-1)	0.85±0.21ᵃ	1.09±0.28ᵃᵇ	1.55±0.25ᶜ	1.40±0.19ᵇᶜ	
Note: Variable values in the same row with different superscript letters indicate significantly different results (the value of significance or probability <0.05).
1.	Absolute Length (Lm)
The absolute length data of white snapper (L. calcarifer) during the 49 days of the study can be seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Absolute Length (Lm) Value of White Snapper (L.calcarifer)
2.	Absolute Weight (W)
The absolute weight data of white snapper (L. calcarifer) during the 49 days of the study can be seen in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Absolute Weight (W) Value of White Snapper (L.calcarifer)
3.	Feed Conversation Ratio (FCR)
The feed conversation ratio data of white snapper (L. calcarifer) during the 49 days of the study can be seen in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) Value of White Snapper (L.calcarifer)
4.	Relative Growth Rate (RGR)
The relative growth rate data of white snapper (L. calcarifer) during the 49 days of the study can be seen in Figure 4.

Figure 4. Relative Growth Rate Value of White Snapper (L. calcarifer).
5.	Water Quality 
The water quality data in the media during the study, which were used to maintain white snapper (L. calcarifer), are presented in Table 2. 
Table 2: Water quality data in the media during the study
Variable	Unit	Results	Feasibility	
Temperature	oC	28.5 – 31.9 	28 – 32*	
pH	-	7.4 – 7.68 	7.0 – 8.5* 	
salinity	Ppt	29 – 32 	28 – 35*	
Do	mg/l	5.12 – 5.53	± 5*	
   *SNI 6145.4:2014
The water quality parameter variables measured during maintenance show that the water quality is still suitable for maintaining the white snapper.
DISCUSSION
The replacement of fish oil with black soldier fly larvae oil significantly affects (the value of significance or probability <0.05) the absolute length maintained for 49 days. Based on Figure 1, the highest absolute length growth is found in treatment C (30% black soldier fly larvae oil) with a value of 3.63±0.45 cm, and the lowest is found in treatment A (0% black soldier fly larvae oil) with a value of 2.75±0.34 cm. Fish length growth is directly proportional to fish weight growth. The quantity and quality of good feed can affect the growth of white snapper. The growth length is influenced by the fish's ability to utilize energy and protein for metabolism and growth (Zulkhasyni et al. 2017). The growth occurs when the feed nutrients digested and absorbed by the fish body are greater than the amount used to maintain its body (Mokoginta et al. 2022).
The growth of absolute weight in replacing fish oil with black soldier fly larvae oil resulted in a significantly different analysis of variance value (the value of significance or probability <0.05). Based on Figure 2, the highest absolute weight growth is in treatment C (30% black soldier fly larvae oil), with a value of 9.46 ± 0.39 grams, and the lowest is in treatment A (0% black soldier fly larvae oil), with a value of 7.32 ± 0.84 grams. Research by Chen et al. (2024) showed that replacing fish oil with black soldier fly larvae oil significantly increased the absolute weight of rainbow trout. Black soldier fly larvae oil is rich in medium-chain fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, and lauric acid, which are used as an efficient energy source for fish (Moutinho et al. 2023). Saturated fatty acids in black soldier fly larvae oil are suspected to be oxidized and absorbed by the body more quickly so that the nutrients in the feed are optimal for the growth of white snapper (Chen et al. 2022). The growth in length and weight of white snapper occurs due to cellular changes caused by the division of muscle and bone cells at certain periods (Hadijah et al. 2022). 
The feed conversion ratio indicates feed effectiveness and the fish's capacity to convert feed into flesh (Fahrizal and Nasir 2017). The results of the feed conversion ratio in the study in the analysis of variance showed significantly different results (the value of significance or probability <0.05). Figure 3 shows that treatment A (0% black soldier fly larvae oil) has the highest feed conversion ratio, at 2.44 ± 0.16, and treatment C (30% black soldier fly larvae oil) has the lowest, at 1.93 ± 0.09. A high feed conversion ratio indicates that the feed is less effective and efficient because more feed is not converted into fish weight (Ridlo and Subagiyo 2013). Meanwhile, a low feed conversion ratio indicates that the quality of feed consumed is improving and is more effective in supporting the growth of white snapper (Hendriansyah et al. 2018). According to research by Goda et al. (2024), the use of black soldier fly larvae oil can increase feed utilization efficiency, indicating an increase in protein use in feed for growth.
The relative growth rate is the growth of fish weight in a specific period (Wibowo et al. 2018). The results of the relative growth rate of white snapper in the study showed a significant difference in variance analysis (the value of significance or probability <0.05). Figure 4 shows that the highest relative growth rate is found in treatment C (30% black soldier fly larvae oil) with a value of 1.55±0.25% day-1, and the lowest value is found in treatment A (0% black soldier fly larvae oil) with a value of 0.85±0.21%. Research by Goda et al. (2024) found that feeding 25% black soldier fly larvae oil content showed the highest growth performance and feed utilization efficiency related to the fatty acid composition in the feed. A good growth rate requires feed intake that benefits growth conditions, including protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals (Islamiyah et al. 2018). In addition to fat in feed, protein content is an important component for the growth of white snapper. The protein content in the feed functions as the structure of new tissues for growth and the replacement of damaged tissues (Manganang and Mose 2019). 
Water quality can affect the growth and survival of white snapper. The research's water quality includes temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) over 48 days to minimize the risk of environmental changes unsuitable for white snapper growth. The study's temperature range was between 28.5°C-31.9°C. The optimal temperature for maintaining white snapper ranges from 28°C to 32°C (Putri and Kurniawan 2023). Overly low and high temperatures can disrupt sea bass metabolism, growth, and survival. The suitability of water quality parameters aims to support the growth process and minimize stress in white seabass cultivation (Fahrurrozi et al. 2024). The study's pH range was between 7.4 to 7.68. Low pH levels can disrupt fish's physiological processes. The optimal pH level for white snapper growth ranges from 7.0 to 8.5 (Masyahoro and Setiawan 2023; Fahrurrozi et al. 2024). High water pH levels can increase energy for metabolism, causing accumulating faeces, excretion, and reduced growth rates (Shuangyao et al. 2018; Putri and Kurniawan 2023). The range of salinity in the study was 29-32 ppt. The optimal salinity for growth ranges from 28-32 ppt (Sanjaya et al. 2021; Putri and Kurniawan 2023). The salinity affects growth, especially osmoregulation. Low salinity can affect death, while high salinity can make it difficult for fish to adapt (Putri and Kurniawan 2023). The study's dissolved oxygen value was 5.12-5.53 mg/l. Dissolved oxygen is an important component supporting the life of white snappers, including respiration, health, and bacterial activity in the decomposition of metabolic waste. Low oxygen levels can inhibit fish growth because they cause stress, hypoxia, decreased swimming activity, and immunity in white snappers (Fitrinawati and Utami 2023). The range of water quality measurements during the study was within the conditions suitable for maintaining white snapper.
CONCLUSION
The replacement of fish oil using black soldier fly larvae oil showed a significant effect (the value of significance or probability <0.05) on the growth of absolute length, absolute weight, feed conversion ratio, and relative growth rate of white snapper (L. calcarifer) reached without black soldier fly larvae oil. The best composition for replacing fish oil with black soldier fly larvae oil is at a replacement level of 30% black soldier fly larvae oil (treatment C), which yields the best values for absolute length at 3.63±0.45 cm, absolute weight at 9.46±0.39 grams, feed conversion ratio at 1.93±0.09, and relative growth rate at 1.55±0.25% day-1.

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